Rights & Society
Should eminent domain be restricted for private development?
Public good vs. private taking.
ANALYSISApril 13, 2026
Twenty years after the Supreme Court's controversial Kelo v. City of New London decision, the debate over restricting eminent domain for private development remains highly active in 2025–2026, with multiple states passing or proposing new restrictions particularly targeting CO2 pipeline projects. While 47 states have strengthened some protections since Kelo, advocates argue that broad 'blight' loopholes and pipeline industry practices continue to enable abusive takings of private property.
When the government seizes your home and hands the land to a private developer in the name of 'economic growth,' is that a legitimate use of public power — or state-sponsored theft that hits the poorest and least connected hardest?
Not familiar with this story? Get context →
Kelo's real-world outcome as precedent
Conservative
Kelo didn't just permit a debatable policy tradeoff — it evicted Susette Kelo from her home so Pfizer could build a corporate campus that was never built. The neighborhood was razed and sits empty. That is not a theoretical failure mode; it is the actual result of abandoning 'public use' as a meaningful constraint.
Liberal
We agree the Kelo outcome is indefensible — a razed neighborhood, an abandoned campus, vacant land. But notice that the conservative framing treats this as a judicial failure when it is equally a failure of local government, Pfizer, and the economic development apparatus that promised prosperity and delivered rubble. The court gave government a tool; government used it badly.
Conservative
Saying government 'used the tool badly' is precisely the problem — the tool should not exist in that form. When the legal framework guarantees that courts will defer to any public-sounding rationale, bad outcomes aren't accidents; they're the design.
Liberal
Agreed — which is why the post-Kelo constitutional amendments in twelve states are the right remedy. The tool needs redesign, not just better operators.
Blight loopholes gutting reform statutes
Conservative
The post-Kelo reform consensus revealed its own weakness almost immediately. The Institute for Justice documented that roughly half the 47 states that enacted reforms kept blight definitions so vague that virtually any property could qualify — a law banning 'economic development takings' while defining blight as 'deteriorating infrastructure or underperforming tax revenue' has not protected anyone. It has performed protection while preserving the mechanism.
Liberal
We're in complete agreement on the diagnosis: the blight loophole is not a technicality, it's the whole game. Well-maintained homes in functioning neighborhoods have been condemned because adjacent areas showed decline. But that agreement actually strengthens the case for tighter statutory definitions rather than for treating eminent domain itself as irredeemable.
Conservative
Tighter statutory definitions are only as durable as the next legislative session — and the same developer-connected political economy that produced the loopholes will be present to water down the rewrites. Constitutional constraints exist precisely because ordinary legislation is too easy to erode.
Liberal
That's why twelve states amended their constitutions rather than just their statutes, which is exactly the durable structural fix you're describing.
Racial displacement as systemic feature, not anomaly
Conservative
The disproportionate displacement of Black Americans at five times their population share during urban renewal wasn't an anomaly — it was the predictable result of giving authorities condemnation power in a world stratified by political influence. Property rights are not merely an economic preference; they are the material precondition for the kind of standing that lets individuals resist the plans of more powerful interests.
Liberal
The historical displacement data is the strongest argument in this entire debate, and it cuts in the same direction as the conservative reform case. But it also complicates the framing: those urban renewal programs were often celebrated by business interests as economic development — meaning the problem isn't just government overreach, it's the specific alliance between government power and private capital that both sides here are actually opposing.
Conservative
That's a fair reframe — but if the consistent historical pattern is that government condemnation authority gets captured by the most politically connected interests, the implication is that the authority itself needs hard limits, not just better-intentioned administrators.
Liberal
Agreed, and the racial displacement data is precisely why 'trust the process' is not an adequate answer — the process has a demonstrated track record of whom it sacrifices.
Economic research on development tradeoffs
Conservative
Research on states restricting eminent domain for economic development found no adverse effects on employment, gross state product, or county income. This directly refutes the core justification for permissive takings: that without them, economic development stalls. If the economic case for compulsory transfers to private developers is empirically weak, what remains is raw political economy — connected interests using government power to appropriate what they couldn't obtain through voluntary exchange.
Liberal
The no-adverse-effects finding deserves more than footnote treatment — it is a direct empirical refutation of the development-or-stagnation framing that has justified takings for decades. But it should also prompt a harder question: if restricting these takings costs us nothing economically, why did the political system produce them at such scale? The answer points to concentrated beneficiaries and diffuse victims, not genuine public need.
Conservative
Exactly — concentrated beneficiaries and diffuse victims is the political economy of regulatory capture, and it explains both why the laws were enacted and why half the reforms were hollowed out almost immediately.
Liberal
Which means the reform agenda is inseparable from the broader question of who has political standing to resist condemnation — and the racial displacement history shows exactly whose standing has been discounted.
Linear infrastructure holdout problem limits
Conservative
The holdout problem for pipelines, transmission lines, and rail is real — a single owner can extract monopoly rents that block genuinely network-dependent infrastructure. But Louisiana's common carrier standard is the right response: a pipeline that must offer equal access to any shipper at regulated rates resembles a public utility; a pipeline that exists solely to move one company's CO2 to one sequestration site does not. The line is difficult to draw but it is drawable.
Liberal
The common carrier distinction is the right analytical frame, and we should say so clearly: the conservative position here isn't that eminent domain is always illegitimate for private operators, it's that 'public use' must mean something more than 'a government official endorsed a public-sounding rationale.' That is also the liberal position, which suggests the real dispute is about enforcement, not principle.
Conservative
If there's genuine agreement on the principle, then the test is whether reform advocates will hold the line when a politically favored project — say, a renewable energy corridor — claims the public-use label. Principles that only apply to disfavored industries aren't principles.
Liberal
Fair — and the answer is that the common carrier test is industry-neutral by design. Equal access requirements apply regardless of whether the commodity is CO2, natural gas, or electrons.
Federal preemption versus state experimentation
Conservative
The initial 'One Big Beautiful Bill' draft would have federalized eminent domain authority over CO2 pipelines, overriding state law entirely. That provision was stripped. Good. When an industry lobbies for federal preemption of state property protections, it signals the project cannot survive the scrutiny that genuine public-use determinations require. State-level experimentation in limiting these powers is not regulatory fragmentation — it is federalism doing exactly what it should do.
Liberal
The stripping of that FERC preemption provision is significant, but let's name what happened: a Republican-controlled House removed a provision that would have handed federal condemnation authority to private pipeline companies. That's not a principled federalism victory — that's the political coalition fracturing because rural landowners in South Dakota and Iowa are also Republican constituents. The outcome is right; the reason is messier.
Conservative
The reason being messy doesn't make the outcome wrong — and if rural Republican landowners and property-rights conservatives can hold the line against federal preemption, that coalition is more durable than one built on abstract principle alone.
Liberal
Agreed, and it suggests the most effective path for reform is exactly this kind of cross-partisan coalition between people who own land and people who believe in equal protection — not a debate between left and right.
Conservative's hardest question
The most challenging counterargument is that genuine linear infrastructure — pipelines, transmission lines, railroads — presents a holdout problem that voluntary markets cannot solve, meaning some compulsory acquisition authority may be necessary even for privately operated but publicly beneficial systems. Louisiana's common carrier compromise implicitly acknowledges this, which means the real debate is not whether eminent domain ever applies to private operators, but how rigorously 'public use' must be defined — and that line is genuinely difficult to draw with precision.
Liberal's hardest question
The most difficult challenge for the restriction argument is the genuine coordination problem in linear infrastructure: pipelines, rail lines, and transmission corridors must be continuous, meaning a single holdout landowner can extract monopoly rents that prevent projects with real public benefit from being built at all. A pure consent-based system may not be workable for infrastructure that is genuinely network-dependent, and acknowledging this concession forces reform advocates to draw a principled line between legitimate public-purpose condemnations and private-gain takings — a line that is harder to draw cleanly in law than in argument.
The Verdict
Both sides agree
Both sides agree that post-Kelo state reform laws have been substantially hollowed out by blight loopholes, meaning the bipartisan legislative response to Kelo produced far less actual protection than its political momentum suggested.
The real conflict
They disagree on framing: the conservative position treats eminent domain abuse primarily as a property rights and constitutional constraint problem, while the liberal position treats it primarily as a racial and political power problem — a factual disagreement about which mechanism best explains the documented harm.
What nobody has answered
If states with strong eminent domain restrictions show no measurable economic harm, why have 44 state legislatures still not closed the blight loophole — and what does that legislative inaction reveal about who actually controls the political process that reform advocates say should be trusted to protect property owners?
Sources
- Kelo v. City of New London, 545 U.S. 469 (2005) — Supreme Court opinion
- Berman v. Parker, 348 U.S. 26 (1954) — Supreme Court opinion
- Institute for Justice reporting and litigation data on post-Kelo reforms
- South Dakota HB/SB CO2 pipeline eminent domain prohibition (March 2025)
- Iowa legislature CO2 pipeline eminent domain bill and governor's veto (May 2025)
- Louisiana common carrier CO2 pipeline eminent domain law (June 2025)
- New York Senate Bill S6187, introduced March 6, 2025
- South Carolina Senate bill on private pipeline eminent domain (January 2026)
- House Budget Committee draft and final House-passed version of the 'One Big Beautiful Bill Act' (2025)
- Economic research on eminent domain restrictions and state employment/GSP outcomes (cited in search results)